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LISTS AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE USE OF BLACKSMITHS IN SETTING THE AXLES OF,-; ^<sf 
CARRIAGES, WAGONS AND OTHER VEHICLES HAYING IRON AXLES. ^J^ 

These Lists are so arraiiged that when axles are set according to thern, the wheels will stand in the position known as "A '-^ 
plumb Spoke," (namely, the froi;t edge, when directly underneath the huh, is at right angles with the axle; or "with a 
straight line drawn from tlie centre of one hub to the centre of the other) with this exception ; they will set one-eighth of an 
inch back, at the bottom, of a phmib s|K)ke position, to make allowance for ti.e springing of the axle, when the ve- 
hicle is loaded, which will throw the wheels out at the bottom, and cause them to run, when loaded, on a plumb spoke, as 
near as it is practicable to do so. The manner of using these lists is as follows ; Have a straight edge of wood, 6% oi " 
7 feet long, and about i '/2 inches square, with two adjacent sides straight; a short distance from one end have a gauge 
screw, (a small thumbscrew) passing entirely through the straight edge, and projecting half an inch, more or less, as is 
needed. With a pair of calipers, get the exact size of the spindle at the point, and at the back end 07l tJlG COllciV ; see 
what the d ifj'ci'cnCF' in >ize, is and get li {ilfai\\\\s difrcreuce. See what the dish of the wheel is, (after the tire is on of 
course,) now look on the list for spindles the length, and wheels the height and the same dish as yours, and the amount 
given in the last column, marked "pii^'-l> 'jf s|jindle," is to betaken from the half-difference in the size of ends of spindle, 
which yon have already got, and iull(( I Isleff of this half difference, is the distance the gauge screw must project beyond 
the straight edge. 

'Illustration: With the calipers, get the size of the spindle at the point, and mark it accurately on a board or piece of pa- 
per; as at a, b. 

c e d b a 



get the size at back end of spindle on the collar, place one point of calipers at a and mark the other where it comes, as at c, 
from b toe, is the ^/./yi^V^/Y-'//yC;e in size of ends of spindle, get /^Ci!,//' this difference, as from d to c. Now look on the list 
for spindles the length, and wheels the iieight and r/7*,S'/;, of yours, and the amount given in the column marked pitch of 
spindle, take from the half difference c, d, as from d to e; now what is left, from e to c, is the distance the gauge screw must 
project beyond the straight edge; and the axle arm must be bent so that whc!) the straight edge rests on the collctfS the 
bottom of the spindle at the jioint just touches the end of the guage screw. 

(iAi'HKR. — The spindles of iron axles have but little taper, and require very little gather. With wheels from 3 feet 8 inches 
to 4 feet 2 inche.-., and spindles 6 to 7 Inches long, 1-16 inch scant, is sufficient, in the length of the spindle; tliis gather 
will make the wheels uic;i-,irie from % to //fi wider behind than in front; which is enough for all iron axles when set on 
a pKmib .-jpoke. i'o guage the gather have another guage screw suiiilar to the one already described ; put it through the 
straight edge the other way, or at right angles to the other. Now from half the difference in the size of the spindle at the 
ends, wliich is fmmd to c in the diagram ; take the gather you want the spindle to have, (1-16 inch, more or less, according to 
tile length ol ilic h[.in(.lle,) (uid ll'/idt is left will be the distance the guage screw must pioject through the straight 
edge; and the a^xlc ami must be bent forward, so that when the straight edge is resting on the collars, the screw will just 
louci) the frorit(.t the spindle at the point. 

l.KNUTH di' .•\xiK> — Wlicn the wheels are srtt on a plumb spoke, the length of axles between the points where the back 
(.luis oi the IimIj^ idine. t\\ liich J;., (;r ahvays should be, the back side of the collars,) is Mu- width the wheels are required to 
irack,le->s iwire Uic di>iiii<:e from ilu-front edge cf the sj)okes to the back end ol tin hub. 

I'o get the length, nn.a.-.iire oiTon a stick, or other convenient place, the width you want the wheels to track, from outside 
10 OLitside; then meas ii\' I hn- di-^taii. c from the front edge of the spokes to the back <,'nd of the hub, and take twice this dis- 
tance, Irom the tnu k, and what is left will be length of the axle, on a straight line, between the points where the back ends 
of the hubs come. 

in the lists, the exact fractions are not always given ; as they would sometimes be difficult to understand; so the 
following plan has been adopted; 

Kven i-i6's of an inch are exjjressed in ligiires. 

A •' signifies about 132 ut an inch more than is expressed by the [ireceding fraction. 

'I'he wordy^//y/ signiiies about 1-64 more. '^ 

The word , set a/f signifrjs about i-64le-,s. 

Alw.iys mjai. ire the di unjter of the back end of the spindle, o/V ('■/^..e COZ/y^-/', whether the box comes back ore/' the 
I oil a r, or only back fo it. 

To try the wiiecls alter the spiiiules are set, to see if they are right, have a slick, with a nail, or piece of iron driven into it 
near one end, projecting at right angles, and when the wheels are on, to their places, resting on the floor without being on a 
iirair., reach ihroagh between the spokes under the hub of one wheel, hook the nail over the outside of a spoke of the oppo- 
site wheel, and measure the distance from outside to outside of spokes, immediately under the hub; then measure the fel- 
lues the s.iinc wa\ at the bottom of the wheel, and the felloes should measure '/( inch less than the distance under the hub is. 

ll i-) best to have two sc .ews to gauge the pitch with; one at each end of the straight edge; a number of holes can be 
bored -A 0:1 !' e:ivi, lo arrange the screws the right distance apart ; they should always come at the point of the spindle, just 
inside >)t the nut. 

To give the spindles the set, always bend the axle arm Z^Ci^c/i; of the collar, but as close to it as practicable; which is 
usuall;., fnmi ! ^o to 2^2 inches;never attempt to bend the spindle itself any. 

livery buggy, carriage or other iron axle vehicle, before it leaves the shop, should be oiled, and the wheels spun around 
when the nuts ate screwed up tight to see thai ihey run periectly free and easy ; otherwise they may soon heat, and do 
con.-iideral^le damage. 





\Vhe<' 


Is fr<Hu ;! ft. i 


Whee 


Is from :3 ft" 


Wheels from ;! ft. 


WMiec 


Is from 4 tf 




s inclifs to -1 ft. 2] 


S iiielies to 4 ft. 2 


8 inches to 4 ft. 2 


9 inches to 5 feet 




\]\r\ir< 


high, and 


inches high, and 


inches high, iind 


high, and Spindles 


/-■ 


Si,ii„lh' 


■; fi'oia (i to 


.Si)iiidles from "'^^ to 


.Si)indles from i)}^ 


from 


to 7 inches 


0' 


7 i iiclif- 
Disii 


long. 

PJtcll (if 


1) inches long. 


to 12 inches long. 


long. 




ciq" 

3" 


Dish 


I'ileh of 


Dish 


ril(;h of 


Dish 


Pitch of 


a 


of 




of 




of 




of 




0. 


Whcel.s 
(1(1 


.Spi!idl(\s. 

■■■ ; M. 


Whe(as 

00 


Spindles. 
1 1-0 scant 


Wheels 


Spindles. 
1 1-0 


Wheels 


Spindles. 


00 

0-. 


00 


00 


* 


■* 


_■ l-C. 


1 i . 


.1 1-0 


1 1-0 full. 


1 1-0 


1 l-(i * 


11-0 


* full. 


•-< 


'1,, 


1 1 li ml!. 


M>^ 


^-ii scant. 


^i 


Va 


% 


1 1-6 


» 


it 


1 i-t> " 


•:i hT 


^; 


3 1-0 


■ }« * 


3 1-6 


1 1-6 full. 


3 


'a ' 


ij, scant. 


'i 


'h * 


If 


.". 1-(^. 


H 


1 1-0 * 


r, l-(i 


i„ liill. 


r. i-C) 


;'. 1-0 scant 


5 1-0 


? 1-0 * 


5 l-() 


'i^ scant. 




:( 


'l! * 


^; 


:{ 1-0 full. 


% 


}4 


H 


'» „ 


*T- 


7 : -(■) 


;; i-() scant 


7]-(i 


3 l-G * 


7 1-6 


51-0 scant 


71-0 


^ full. 


C 


■ .V^o 


;5 l-ti 


1:, 


H 


K 


5 1-0 full. 


y^ 


H * 


f- 


:i l-(i * 


!/ f-d 


'4 * 


9 1-6 


^f, scar>t. 


9 1-6 


3 l-O scant 




''H 


'1' s.'ant 


'^; 


f) 1-0 scant 


% 


% full. 


H 


3 1-0 




11 1-t; 


'4 


n !-() 


5 1-0 full. 


n i-o 


7 1-0 scant 


11 1-0 


;{ 1-0 lull. 




'■1 


I4 nill. 


■H 


% scant. 


H 


7 1-6 full. 


K 


3 1-6 * 


,- 


i:! l.u 


r, 1-6 sea 'It 


V, l-(5 


'% 


13 1-6 


}4 scant. 


13 1-6 


3 1-6 * 


' 


'i 


.5 l-(i 


/8 


% * 


% 


M * 


% 


1.4 scant. 




15 l-(i 


,5 I-(i full. 


15 1-6 


1 1-0 


15 1-6 


9 1-6 


15 1-6 


}4 




1 inch 


% SCUUl. 


1 inch. 


7 1-0 full 


1 inch. 


9 1-6 * 


1 inch. 


M full. 



83 90 







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HECKMAN 

BINDERY INC. 

^ I ^^ JAN 90 




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^^ N.MANCHESTER, 
jNDIANA 4 6962 
























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